Congenital fusion of c3 and c4 treatment
Klippel-feil syndrome...
INTRODUCTION
Congenital anomalies are the product of errors in embryogenesis (malformations) or the result of intrauterine events that affect embryonic and fetal growth (deformations and disruptions) [1].
The more complex the formation of a structure, the more opportunities for malformation.
Klippel-feil syndrome symptoms
(See "Congenital anomalies: Approach to evaluation".)
Defects in the formation and growth of the jaw, oral cavity, and pharynx lead to a variety of malformations. The embryology, clinical features, and management of congenital anomalies of the oral cavity and pharynx are reviewed here.
Congenital anomalies of the ear, nose, and upper aerodigestive tract are discussed separately. (See appropriate topic reviews.)
EMBRYOLOGY
The oral cavity is separated from the nasal cavity posteriorly by midline fusion of the secondary palate and anteriorly by the approximation of the primary palate to these shelves [2].
The two one-halves of the lower jaw arise from mesenchyme derived from the first branchia